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| report:soa [2026/04/30 09:30] – [2.3.2 The Pomodoro Technique] team1 | report:soa [2026/06/14 17:50] (current) – [2.2.5 Ease of Use] team1 | ||
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| ===== 2. Background and Related Work ===== | ===== 2. Background and Related Work ===== | ||
| - | |||
| - | ==== 2.1 Introduction ==== | ||
| The following chapter presents the scientific and technical background relevant to the project, as well as an overview of existing solutions. It begins with describing the relationship between smartphone usage and mental health, highlighting the negative effects of excessive screen time and the need for innovative approaches to support healthier digital behavior. | The following chapter presents the scientific and technical background relevant to the project, as well as an overview of existing solutions. It begins with describing the relationship between smartphone usage and mental health, highlighting the negative effects of excessive screen time and the need for innovative approaches to support healthier digital behavior. | ||
| Moreover, current digital solutions are analyzed, with a focus on their design principles, functionality and limitations. The chapter then outlines the physical domain by introducing hydroponics, | Moreover, current digital solutions are analyzed, with a focus on their design principles, functionality and limitations. The chapter then outlines the physical domain by introducing hydroponics, | ||
| - | Finally, existing products and systems are compared in order to identify gaps and opportunities. This analysis helps justify the design direction of Screen2Green and establishes the basis for the following chapters. | + | Finally, existing products and systems are compared in order to identify gaps and opportunities. This analysis helps justify the design direction of the smart plant pot called |
| - | ==== 2.2 Smartphone Usage and Mental Health ==== | + | ==== 2.1 Smartphone Usage and Mental Health ==== |
| The rapid increase in smartphone usage has raised significant concerns regarding its impact on mental health, particularly among young people and students. Numerous studies have found a consistent association between excessive screen time and negative psychological outcomes such as anxiety, depression and stress. | The rapid increase in smartphone usage has raised significant concerns regarding its impact on mental health, particularly among young people and students. Numerous studies have found a consistent association between excessive screen time and negative psychological outcomes such as anxiety, depression and stress. | ||
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| - | ==== 2.3 Existing Digital Solutions ==== | + | ==== 2.2 Existing Digital Solutions ==== |
| - | The increasing use of smartphones has raised concerns about distraction, | + | The increasing use of smartphones has raised concerns about distraction, |
| + | Mobile applications typically rely on behavioral design strategies such as gamification, | ||
| - | === 2.3.1 Applications === | ||
| - | == 2.3.1.1 Forest | + | === 2.2.1 Applications === |
| - | The application | + | == Forest |
| - | When the user stops the session | + | The application Forest represents one of the most successful examples of this concept. The app was released in 2016 and is available on both mobile platforms and web browsers. Forest encourages users motivation and productivity by using a simulated forest that is maintained by the user. With every productive |
| + | When the user stops the session midway, the current tree dies and the user's forest does not grow, countering the user's tendency to open social media during their focus session. Alternatively, | ||
| - | == 2.3.1.2 Liven == | ||
| - | This app focuses on countering dopamine deficit and procrastination by creating a personal guide with the user during app usage. | + | == Liven == |
| - | Liven focuses on personalizing | + | This app focuses on countering dopamine deficit and procrastination by creating a personal guide with the user during app usage. Liven uses a balance of teaching, self exploration, |
| + | Liven focuses on personalizing the journey to improve, leading to every user having a unique journey fitting their needs and personality. Using animations that are soft to the eyes, phrases throughout the user's journey for affirmation and the option to personally log thoughts and feelings, Liven allows users to guide themselves to learn about their flaws and how to work with them [(Liven)]. | ||
| - | == 2.3.1.3 Minimalist Phone == | ||
| - | This app minimizes distractions by turning the phone into a screen with a timer and no apps. The user downloads the Minimalist Phone launcher app in their preferred application store. Using the launcher, the user locks away all forms of distraction including notifications, | + | == Minimalist Phone == |
| - | The app includes a timer to display the remaining time of the current focus session, a display of the current time of day and the phone' | + | This app minimizes distractions by turning the phone into a screen with a timer and no apps. The user downloads the Minimalist Phone launcher app in their preferred application store. Using the launcher, the user locks away all forms of distraction including notifications, |
| - | === 2.3.2 The Pomodoro Technique === | + | === 2.2.2 The Pomodoro Technique === |
| The Pomodoro Technique is a time management method designed to improve focus and productivity by breaking work into short, structured intervals. | The Pomodoro Technique is a time management method designed to improve focus and productivity by breaking work into short, structured intervals. | ||
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| - | === 2.3.3 Key Characteristics === | + | === 2.2.3 Key Characteristics === |
| * Timer-based focus sessions that limit phone usage during work periods | * Timer-based focus sessions that limit phone usage during work periods | ||
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| * Statistics and tracking systems that allow users to monitor their focus habits | * Statistics and tracking systems that allow users to monitor their focus habits | ||
| - | These design strategies rely on behavioural | + | These design strategies rely on behavioral |
| - | === 2.3.4 Design | + | === 2.2.4 Application Interface Analysis |
| - | Before | + | Before |
| - | These apps were researched on their purpose, functionality, | + | These apps were researched |
| - | On the topic of design, all of the researched apps share one thing in common, minimalism. These apps are minimilastic | + | |
| - | Firstly, these apps use pages. Forest and Liven have different pages for different purposes, for example a page to see your personal journey and one for your personal profile. Minimalist | + | First, these apps use pages. Forest and Liven have different pages for different purposes, for example, a page to see your personal journey and one for your personal profile. Minimalist |
| - | Secondly, these apps use smooth and light animations. By keeping animations locked to their reserved space on the phone, there are no uncomfortable shifts of text or other content which brings | + | Second, these apps use smooth and light animations. By keeping animations locked to their reserved space on the phone, there are no uncomfortable shifts of text or other content which bring the user out of their flow. Using transitions, however, the app can show more expressive animations (for example, an animation when the user completes a lesson in Liven) that don not hinder the rest of the app's content. This is because the content is shown after the animation is done. Even so, these animations follow the rules of smooth and slow movement in order to keep the user's eyes and brain relaxed [(izraylevych2019animation)]. |
| - | Thirdly, these apps use low amounts of color to no color at all. Forest and Liven make use of white and green. In the case of dark mode, white gets replaced with a very dark tone of blue. Green calms the mind and keeps the user's eyes relaxed. It is also suggested that the color reduces stress and boosts health [(cherry2025green)]. In the case of Forest, it expresses the feeling of nature and matches | + | Third, these apps use little |
| - | Minimalist | + | |
| - | In general, using simple colors and animations keeps the user relaxed and takes away stress. By ensuring that the user sees the right information without any distracting information or that which is outside | + | In general, using simple colors and animations keeps the user relaxed and takes away stress. By ensuring that the user sees the right information without any distracting information or information |
| - | === 2.3.5 Ease of use === | + | === 2.2.5 Ease of Use === |
| - | In order to help a user solve their problems, an app needs to be easy to use so the user doesn' | + | In order to help a user solve their problems, an app needs to be easy to use so the user does not lose motivation. To be easy to use, an app needs to have a simple layout, a logical hierarchy of information, |
| - | All the researched apps are simple to use by applying one of two techniques. Firstly, Liven and Forest guide the user throughout the app and its features using text blocks that pop up during app usage. To ensure this doesn' | + | All the researched apps are simple to use by applying one of two techniques. Firstly, Liven and Forest guide the user throughout the app and its features using text blocks that pop up during app usage. To ensure this does not hinder the focus order and user's flow, these text blocks are shown between transitions. Secondly, apps can focus on solely one purpose, removing the need for a user journey. Minimalist |
| - | Minimalist | + | Minimalist |
| - | There are 2 ways these apps ensure their light weight and fast performance without overloading the phone' | + | There are two ways these apps ensure their light weight and fast performance without overloading the phone' |
| Secondly, Liven has an abundance of features and more animations than Forest. To counter graphical and computational overload, Liven generates information throughout usage of the app. Since Liven focuses on giving the user a personalized journey, most of the data gets generated at the moment, making the application very lightweight out of the box and throughout usage. | Secondly, Liven has an abundance of features and more animations than Forest. To counter graphical and computational overload, Liven generates information throughout usage of the app. Since Liven focuses on giving the user a personalized journey, most of the data gets generated at the moment, making the application very lightweight out of the box and throughout usage. | ||
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| - | === 2.3.6 Limitations of Existing Solutions === | + | === 2.2.6 Limitations of Existing Solutions === |
| Despite their popularity, existing focus applications remain entirely digital. The reward mechanisms, such as virtual plants or characters, exist only within the app interface. While these visual systems can motivate users, they may lose effectiveness over time because they do not create a tangible or physical connection to real-world outcomes. | Despite their popularity, existing focus applications remain entirely digital. The reward mechanisms, such as virtual plants or characters, exist only within the app interface. While these visual systems can motivate users, they may lose effectiveness over time because they do not create a tangible or physical connection to real-world outcomes. | ||
| - | Furthermore, | + | Furthermore, |
| - | This limitation highlights an opportunity for new approaches that connect digital | + | This limitation highlights an opportunity for new approaches that connect digital |
| - | === 2.3.7 Summary | + | ==== 2.3 Growing Methods for Indoor Herbs ==== |
| - | The current market has several apps that boost the user's motivation, productivity and mental health. These apps share a simple design and fast performance. Another thing they have in common | + | To determine |
| + | Traditionally, | ||
| - | ==== 2.4 Growing Media ==== | + | An alternative is hydroponics, |
| - | Determining the most efficient method for indoor herb cultivation is necessary to first understand how growth environments affect plant development. In the context of Screen to Green, the medium must act as a responsive bio-indicator of a user’s digital habits while remaining clean and practical for a modern desk environment. | ||
| - | Traditionally, | + | === 2.3.1 Hydroponics === |
| - | + | ||
| - | An alternative is Hydroponics, | + | |
| - | DWC suspends roots directly in an oxygenated, nutrient-rich water solution. While DWC is very efficient and clean, it can be technically demanding to maintain in a small, portable pot. This led our team to research a " | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | + | ||
| - | === 2.4.1 Hydroponics === | + | |
| Hydroponics is a method of growing plants without soil, using water that contains all the necessary nutrients. The roots are supported by materials like clay pellets or coconut fiber, making it ideal for indoor farms, greenhouses, | Hydroponics is a method of growing plants without soil, using water that contains all the necessary nutrients. The roots are supported by materials like clay pellets or coconut fiber, making it ideal for indoor farms, greenhouses, | ||
| - | The idea has existed for a long time, with early examples like the Aztec Chinampas, where crops were grown on floating platforms. Modern hydroponics was developed in the 20th century and popularized by William Frederick Gericke, who showed that plants could grow using only water and nutrients [(growersnetwork2018)]. | + | The idea has existed for a long time, with early examples like the Aztec chinampas, where crops were grown on artificial islands in shallow lake areas. Modern hydroponics was developed in the 20th century and popularized by William Frederick Gericke, who showed that plants could grow using only water and nutrients [(growersnetwork2018)]. |
| - | In hydroponic systems, plants receive nutrients through water, along with oxygen and light. This controlled environment helps plants grow efficiently. It works especially well for herbs because they grow quickly and don’t | + | In hydroponic systems, plants receive nutrients through water, along with oxygen and light. This controlled environment helps plants grow efficiently. It works especially well for herbs because they grow quickly and do not need large root systems. Common examples include basil, mint, parsley, cilantro, chives, oregano, thyme, and dill, with basil being one of the most popular choices. |
| Hydroponics has several advantages. Plants often grow faster, use less water due to recycling, and can be grown year-round indoors. There are also fewer pests since no soil is used. However, the system can be expensive to set up, depends on electricity, | Hydroponics has several advantages. Plants often grow faster, use less water due to recycling, and can be grown year-round indoors. There are also fewer pests since no soil is used. However, the system can be expensive to set up, depends on electricity, | ||
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| - | ==== 2.5 Semi-Hydroponics | + | === 2.3.2 Semi-Hydroponics === |
| - | Semi-Hydroponics | + | Semi-hydroponics |
| - | They are specialized growing media made of stones like pumice, zeolites, and volcanic rock, or baked clay granules. Unlike soil, these " | + | |
| The general advantages of these soilless and mineral systems include: | The general advantages of these soilless and mineral systems include: | ||
| - | Controlled Nutrition: Nutrients are delivered directly to the roots in a water-soluble form for faster absorption [(resh2022)]. | + | * Controlled Nutrition: Nutrients are delivered directly to the roots in a water-soluble form for faster absorption [(resh2022)]. |
| - | + | | |
| - | Cleanliness: | + | |
| - | + | | |
| - | Water Efficiency: These systems use much less water than soil because the moisture is held within the inorganic grains or a small reservoir rather than evaporating into the dirt [(alshrouf2017hydroponics)]. | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | Visual Responsiveness: | + | |
| - | While pure DWC is an excellent scientific tool, the use of inorganic substrates like Lechuza Pon or Seramis offers a slight advantage for Screen to Green. They provide the "grainy" | + | While pure DWC is an excellent scientific tool, the use of inorganic substrates like Lechuza Pon or Seramis offers a slight advantage for Screen2Green. They provide the “grainy” look of soil that users are familiar with, while also offering |
| - | ==== 2.6 Comparative Growth Analysis: The Case of Basil ==== | + | ==== 2.4 Basil Growth Requirements and Cultivation Factors |
| - | To make our Screen to Green project | + | To make Screen2Green |
| The following are the key scientific findings based on this research: | The following are the key scientific findings based on this research: | ||
| - | * Faster Growth Height: The researchers found that basil in soilless systems grew taller than the soil-grown plants in the same amount of time. This helps our users see the results of their good study habits almost immediately [(Saha2016)]. | + | * Faster Growth |
| - | * More Leaves to See: The study showed that these plants have a much higher leaf count and a bigger total leaf area. This makes the plant look "extra lush," which is the exact visual reward | + | * More Leaves to See: The study showed that these plants have a much higher leaf count and a bigger total leaf area. This makes the plant look "extra lush," which is the exact visual reward |
| - | * Better Root Development: | + | * Better Root Development: |
| - | * Lower Water Waste: Even though it seems like it uses a lot of water, soilless methods actually save water compared to soil because the moisture is targeted at the roots and doesn' | + | * Lower Water Waste: Even though it seems like it uses a lot of water, soilless methods actually save water compared to soil because the moisture is targeted at the roots and does not just evaporate into the dirt [(Saha2016)]. |
| - | * Cleanliness for Apartments: Unlike soil, which was found to be messy and can attract bugs like gnats, using inorganic grains or water stays clean and sterile, which is much better for a student' | + | * Cleanliness for Apartments: Unlike soil, which can be messy and attract bugs such as gnats, using inorganic grains or water stays clean and sterile, which is much better for a student' |
| - | === 2.6.1 Growing | + | === 2.4.1 Growing |
| Herbs are plants commonly used in cooking due to their distinctive aromas and flavors. Examples include basil, thyme, oregano, rosemary, and cilantro. These plants can be cultivated in soil or through hydroponic systems. Propagation is possible either from seeds or from cuttings, with cuttings generally providing faster results. | Herbs are plants commonly used in cooking due to their distinctive aromas and flavors. Examples include basil, thyme, oregano, rosemary, and cilantro. These plants can be cultivated in soil or through hydroponic systems. Propagation is possible either from seeds or from cuttings, with cuttings generally providing faster results. | ||
| - | The cultivation process begins with either sowing seeds or preparing cuttings. Seed sowing involves placing seeds in a nutrient-rich | + | The cultivation process begins with either sowing seeds or preparing cuttings. Seed sowing involves placing seeds in an environment suitable for germination. This environment must provide |
| An alternative propagation method involves the use of cuttings. In this approach, a stem is removed from an existing herb plant and placed directly into a growing environment. This method accelerates growth since the cutting already has an established structure. Over time, roots develop, and the stem becomes a fully independent plant. This process can be repeated by taking additional cuttings from the newly grown plant. Even commercially purchased herbs can serve as viable sources for cuttings, making this method particularly advantageous for hydroponic systems. | An alternative propagation method involves the use of cuttings. In this approach, a stem is removed from an existing herb plant and placed directly into a growing environment. This method accelerates growth since the cutting already has an established structure. Over time, roots develop, and the stem becomes a fully independent plant. This process can be repeated by taking additional cuttings from the newly grown plant. Even commercially purchased herbs can serve as viable sources for cuttings, making this method particularly advantageous for hydroponic systems. | ||
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| These environmental factors remain important throughout the maintenance phase. Poor regulation of these conditions can lead to plant diseases, often indicated by discoloration. Common issues include downy mildew and, in the case of mint, mint rust. Infected plants can often be treated by removing affected leaves to prevent further spread. | These environmental factors remain important throughout the maintenance phase. Poor regulation of these conditions can lead to plant diseases, often indicated by discoloration. Common issues include downy mildew and, in the case of mint, mint rust. Infected plants can often be treated by removing affected leaves to prevent further spread. | ||
| - | Under optimal conditions, most herbs reach a harvestable stage within 6 to 8 weeks. However, plants grown from cuttings may require only half that time. Growth rates vary among species, with herbs such as basil developing more quickly, while others, such as rosemary, require a longer cultivation period. | + | Under optimal conditions, most herbs reach a harvestable stage within 6 to 8 weeks. However, plants grown from cuttings may require only half that time. Growth rates vary among species, with herbs such as basil developing more quickly, while others, such as rosemary, require a longer cultivation period. Basil is classified as an annual herb and normally completes its biological life cycle within one growing season. However, under controlled indoor and hydroponic conditions, regular pruning and repeated harvesting can prolong the vegetative growth stage, allowing the plant to remain productive for several months before replacement becomes necessary [(PennStateBasil2024)][(Putra2023HydroponicBasil)]. To maintain healthy growth in hydroponic systems, nutrient solutions must also be replenished regularly to ensure adequate nutrient availability and maintain solution balance. In small hydroponic systems, this is typically performed every 2–4 weeks, depending on plant growth and reservoir conditions [(UConnHydroponics)][(UFIFASHydroponics)]. |
| - | === 2.6.2 Vertical | + | === 2.4.2 Vertical |
| - | Vertical gardening is a way of growing plants upward instead of letting them spread across the ground. Rather than using large horizontal areas, plants are supported on walls, trellises, towers, or stacked containers. This makes it especially useful in cities or small spaces where there isn’t | + | Vertical gardening is a way of growing plants upward instead of letting them spread across the ground. Rather than using large horizontal areas, plants are supported on walls, trellises, towers, or stacked containers. This makes it especially useful in cities or small spaces where there is not much room for a traditional garden, but people still want to grow plants or food. |
| - | Even though it might seem like a modern idea, vertical gardening has been around for a long time. People have always used supports to grow climbing plants such as beans or grapes. What’s different today is how this idea has developed, especially in urban environments. In recent decades, vertical gardening has become more popular as cities look for greener solutions. A big influence on this trend is Patrick Blanc, who introduced the concept of living walls [(blanc_verticalgarden)]. These are walls covered with plants, often built into buildings, showing that greenery can be added even where there is no ground space. | + | Even though it might seem like a modern idea, vertical gardening has been around for a long time. People have always used supports to grow climbing plants such as beans or grapes. What is different today is how this idea has developed, especially in urban environments. In recent decades, vertical gardening has become more popular as cities look for greener solutions. A big influence on this trend is Patrick Blanc, who introduced the concept of living walls [(blanc_verticalgarden)]. These are walls covered with plants, often built into buildings, showing that greenery can be added even where there is no ground space. |
| There are different ways to create a vertical garden. One of the simplest methods is using a trellis, where plants grow upward along a wooden or metal frame. This works well for crops like peas, beans, and cucumbers. More advanced systems include green walls, where plants grow directly on specially designed panels with built-in watering systems. There are also vertical planters, such as stacked pots or hanging containers, and tower gardens, which allow plants to grow in layers and are often used with hydroponics. | There are different ways to create a vertical garden. One of the simplest methods is using a trellis, where plants grow upward along a wooden or metal frame. This works well for crops like peas, beans, and cucumbers. More advanced systems include green walls, where plants grow directly on specially designed panels with built-in watering systems. There are also vertical planters, such as stacked pots or hanging containers, and tower gardens, which allow plants to grow in layers and are often used with hydroponics. | ||
| - | There are several reasons why vertical gardening has become so popular. It saves space, which is important in small homes or apartments. It can also improve air quality, since plants absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen. On top of that, vertical gardens make spaces look more attractive and can even help cool buildings by providing insulation. Another advantage is that people can grow their own food, like herbs or vegetables, even if they don’t | + | There are several reasons why vertical gardening has become so popular. It saves space, which is important in small homes or apartments. It can also improve air quality, since plants absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen. On top of that, vertical gardens make spaces look more attractive and can even help cool buildings by providing insulation. Another advantage is that people can grow their own food, like herbs or vegetables, even if they do not have a traditional garden. |
| - | However, vertical gardening | + | However, vertical gardening |
| The plants used in vertical gardens are usually lightweight and easy to manage. Herbs like basil, mint, and parsley are common choices, along with leafy greens such as lettuce and spinach. Strawberries are also popular, and climbing plants like beans and peas naturally grow well in vertical systems. For decoration, plants like ferns and ivy are often used because they create a full, green look [(jain_janakiram_2016)]. | The plants used in vertical gardens are usually lightweight and easy to manage. Herbs like basil, mint, and parsley are common choices, along with leafy greens such as lettuce and spinach. Strawberries are also popular, and climbing plants like beans and peas naturally grow well in vertical systems. For decoration, plants like ferns and ivy are often used because they create a full, green look [(jain_janakiram_2016)]. | ||
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| - | === 2.6.3 LED vs natural light for plant growth | + | === 2.4.3 LED Lighting and Natural Light for Plant Growth |
| - | In modern plant production, | + | In modern plant production, |
| - | Sweet basil is widely used in advanced lighting research, where studies show that tuning LED-light to key absorption wavelengths (around 435 nm (blue) and 665 nm (red)) can significantly improve plant growth and yield [(Rihan2020)]. Utilizing a blue wavelength of 435 nm instead of the industry-standard 450 nm can result in a 20 % increase in yield for basil. Furthermore, | + | Sweet basil is widely used in advanced lighting research, where studies show that tuning LED light to key absorption wavelengths (around 435 nm (blue) and 665 nm (red)) can significantly improve plant growth and yield [(Rihan2020)]. Utilizing a blue wavelength of 435 nm instead of the industry-standard 450 nm can result in a 20 % increase in yield for basil. Furthermore, |
| - | == 2.6.3.1 | + | == Light in Relation |
| - | The choice of cultivation system has a direct impact on lightning requirements and overall plant growth. | + | The choice of cultivation system has a direct impact on lightning requirements and overall plant growth. In DWC specifically, |
| - | + | ||
| - | In DWC specifically, | + | |
| In contrast, soil-based cultivation leads to a different root development pattern. Roots must spread out in search of nutrients, creating a more extensive but less dense root system [(Ali2023)]. While growing in soil is generally more accessible and requires fewer initial resources, it offers less control over environmental factors such as light intensity. Compared to hydroponic systems, it is therefore more difficult for growers to precisely optimize conditions in soil-based setups [(Signore2020)]. | In contrast, soil-based cultivation leads to a different root development pattern. Roots must spread out in search of nutrients, creating a more extensive but less dense root system [(Ali2023)]. While growing in soil is generally more accessible and requires fewer initial resources, it offers less control over environmental factors such as light intensity. Compared to hydroponic systems, it is therefore more difficult for growers to precisely optimize conditions in soil-based setups [(Signore2020)]. | ||
| - | == 2.6.3.2 | + | == Reasons to Delay LED Implementation |
| - | Although LED technology is often described as the future of plant growth, there are several reasons to delay its implementation in the early stages of a project. | + | Although LED technology is often described as the future of plant growth, there are several reasons to delay its implementation in the early stages of a project. First, the initial investment cost is relatively high, as specialized LED systems are significantly more expensive than traditional lighting or simple soil-based setups [(Olle2013)]. Second, the system introduces a level of operational complexity, since optimizing plant growth requires knowledge of Photosynthetic Photon Efficiency and Daily Light Integral [(LyineGroup2026)]. Incorrect settings can negatively affect plant health, leading to issues such as light stress or poor development. |
| - | First, the initial investment cost is relatively high, as specialized LED systems are significantly more expensive than traditional lighting or simple soil-based setups [(Olle2013)]. Second, the system introduces a level of operational complexity, since optimizing plant growth requires knowledge of Photosynthetic Photon Efficiency (PPE) and Daily Light Integral (DLI) [(LyineGroup2026)]. Incorrect settings can negatively affect plant health, leading to issues such as light stress or poor development. | + | In addition, energy efficiency can become a concern if the system is not properly optimized. Using non-specialized or generic LED lighting may increase electricity costs without providing meaningful benefits for plant growth [(LyineGroup2026)]. Also, natural light intensity is typically much higher in southern countries compared to northern European countries [(Signore2020)]. Because Portugal has a higher |
| - | + | ||
| - | In addition, energy efficiency can become a concern if the system is not properly optimized. Using non-specialized or generic LED lighting may increase electricity costs without providing meaningful benefits for plant growth [(LyineGroup2026)]. | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | Also, natural light intensity is typically much higher in southern countries compared to northern European countries [(Signore2020)]. Because Portugal has a higher DLI year-round, it is not necessary with artificial light as a sole-source for photosynthesis, | + | |
| Finally, successful use of LED technology often depends on integrating multiple systems, including lighting, climate control, and nutrient delivery. Starting with a simpler grain-based approach allows the project to develop gradually, requiring fewer resources while avoiding unnecessary technical challenges in the early phase [(LyineGroup2026)]. | Finally, successful use of LED technology often depends on integrating multiple systems, including lighting, climate control, and nutrient delivery. Starting with a simpler grain-based approach allows the project to develop gradually, requiring fewer resources while avoiding unnecessary technical challenges in the early phase [(LyineGroup2026)]. | ||
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| - | ==== 2.7 Products | + | ==== 2.5 Home Smart Farming ==== |
| - | + | ||
| - | === 2.7.1 Aerogarden harvest === | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | The AeroGarden Harvest is a compact indoor hydroponic system that allows users to grow plants without soil. It is designed for countertop use and supports year-round cultivation of herbs, vegetables, and flowers. The system uses full-spectrum LED lights to simulate sunlight and includes automated light cycles and a control panel that alerts users when water or nutrients need to be added. | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | Plants grow in a nutrient-rich water solution instead of soil, and the system can hold up to six seed pods. Each pod contains seeds and a growth medium. The automated lighting and reminder functions make the system easy to use, even for users with little experience in plant care [(AmazonND)]. | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | + | ||
| - | == 2.7.1.1 Advantages and limitations == | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | One key advantage of the AeroGarden Harvest is its ease of use. The system automates lighting and basic maintenance, | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | Hydroponic systems also use space and resources efficiently. Research shows that soilless systems can support high plant density while using less water and fewer resources through recirculating nutrient systems [(Rajput2025)]. | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | However, the system has clear limitations. Users must still manually refill water and add nutrients [(AmazonND)][(Virginia2024)]. More importantly, | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | + | ||
| - | == 2.7.1.2 Gaps and opportunities == | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | The AeroGarden Harvest lacks a connection between plant care and user behavior. It provides reminders but does not actively influence habits [(AmazonND)]. | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | This creates an opportunity to improve the concept by adding full automation, stronger feedback systems, and a link between digital behavior and plant health. By connecting user habits to a living system, it is possible to create emotional engagement and encourage more responsible behavior. | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | + | ||
| - | ==== 2.8 Home Smart Farming ==== | + | |
| - | Home smart farming | + | Home smart farming |
| The main idea is to reduce the uncertainty that usually comes with traditional gardening. Normally, people have to rely on experience or guess when to water plants or how much light they need. However, in smart farming systems, sensors are used to continuously monitor conditions such as soil moisture, temperature, | The main idea is to reduce the uncertainty that usually comes with traditional gardening. Normally, people have to rely on experience or guess when to water plants or how much light they need. However, in smart farming systems, sensors are used to continuously monitor conditions such as soil moisture, temperature, | ||
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| - | === 2.8.1 Key Technologies === | + | === 2.5.1 Key Technologies === |
| - | == 2.8.1.1 | + | == Internet of Things |
| - | One of the most important parts of home smart farming is the Internet of Things (IoT). It basically | + | One of the most important parts of home smart farming is IoT. It allows different devices to connect and share data with each other. In this kind of system, sensors like soil moisture sensors, temperature sensors, and light sensors are used to keep checking the environment around the plant. The data collected from these sensors is usually sent to a central system or a mobile application. This makes it possible for users to check the condition of their plants in real time and control the system even when they are not at home. According to recent research, IoT helps improve how accurately these conditions are monitored and supports better decision-making by providing continuous data [(sheikh2025)]. It has also been used in small hydroponic systems to monitor things like pH, temperature, |
| - | == 2.8.1.2 | + | == Automation Systems == |
| | | ||
| Automation is another key part of home smart farming because it reduces the amount of manual work needed. Instead of checking plants all the time, the system can react automatically based on certain conditions. For example, if the soil becomes too dry, the system can turn on the irrigation automatically. In the same way, lights can be controlled depending on how much natural light is available or based on a set schedule. Studies on smart irrigation systems show that this kind of automation can help manage water more efficiently and keep growing conditions more stable [(kebai2018)]. However, these systems still need to be set up properly and checked regularly to make sure everything works as expected. | Automation is another key part of home smart farming because it reduces the amount of manual work needed. Instead of checking plants all the time, the system can react automatically based on certain conditions. For example, if the soil becomes too dry, the system can turn on the irrigation automatically. In the same way, lights can be controlled depending on how much natural light is available or based on a set schedule. Studies on smart irrigation systems show that this kind of automation can help manage water more efficiently and keep growing conditions more stable [(kebai2018)]. However, these systems still need to be set up properly and checked regularly to make sure everything works as expected. | ||
| - | == 2.8.1.3 | + | == Artificial Intelligence |
| | | ||
| - | Artificial intelligence (AI) is also starting to be used in smart farming systems, mainly to help analyze data and support decision-making. For example, AI can be used to look at plant images and detect early signs of disease, or to find patterns in environmental data. However, in most home smart farming systems, AI is still quite basic. Instead of fully controlling everything automatically, | + | AI is also starting to be used in smart farming systems, mainly to help analyze data and support decision-making. For example, AI can be used to look at plant images and detect early signs of disease, or to find patterns in environmental data. However, in most home smart farming systems, AI is still quite basic. Instead of fully controlling everything automatically, |
| - | == 2.8.1.4 | + | == Soilless Growing == |
| | | ||
| Home smart farming is often used together with soilless growing methods, especially hydroponics. In hydroponics, | Home smart farming is often used together with soilless growing methods, especially hydroponics. In hydroponics, | ||
| - | === 2.8.2 Benefits === | + | === 2.5.2 Benefits === |
| One of the biggest advantages of home smart farming is that it allows people to grow fresh food at home, even in places where space is limited. For example, people living in apartments can still grow vegetables on a balcony or indoors. This can be useful for those who want more control over the food they eat or prefer growing it themselves. | One of the biggest advantages of home smart farming is that it allows people to grow fresh food at home, even in places where space is limited. For example, people living in apartments can still grow vegetables on a balcony or indoors. This can be useful for those who want more control over the food they eat or prefer growing it themselves. | ||
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| - | === 2.8.3 Limitations === | + | === 2.5.3 Limitations === |
| Even though home smart farming has several advantages, there are also some limitations to consider. One of the main issues is the initial cost. Setting up a system usually requires buying sensors, lighting, and other equipment, which can be expensive at the beginning. | Even though home smart farming has several advantages, there are also some limitations to consider. One of the main issues is the initial cost. Setting up a system usually requires buying sensors, lighting, and other equipment, which can be expensive at the beginning. | ||
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| - | ==== 2.9 Comparative Analysis ==== | + | ==== 2.6 Related Smart Garden Products |
| + | |||
| + | === 2.6.1 AeroGarden Harvest === | ||
| + | |||
| + | The AeroGarden Harvest is a compact indoor hydroponic system that allows users to grow plants without soil. It is designed for countertop use and supports year-round cultivation of herbs, vegetables, and flowers. The system uses full-spectrum LED lights to simulate sunlight and includes automated light cycles and a control panel that alerts users when water or nutrients need to be added. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Plants grow in a nutrient-rich water solution instead of soil, and the system can hold up to six seed pods. Each pod contains seeds and a growth medium. The automated lighting and reminder functions make the system easy to use, even for users with little experience in plant care [(AmazonND)]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | == Advantages and Limitations == | ||
| + | |||
| + | One key advantage of the AeroGarden Harvest is its ease of use. The system automates lighting and basic maintenance, | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | == Gaps and Opportunities == | ||
| + | |||
| + | The AeroGarden Harvest lacks a connection between plant care and user behavior. It provides reminders but does not actively influence habits [(AmazonND)]. This creates an opportunity to improve the concept by adding full automation, stronger feedback systems, and a link between digital behavior and plant health. By connecting user habits to a living system, it is possible to create emotional engagement and encourage more responsible behavior. | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | === 2.6.2 Click & Grow Smart Garden 3 === | ||
| + | |||
| + | Click & Grow Smart Garden 3 is an indoor smart garden for growing small herbs and plants at home. It uses pre-seeded plant pods, LED grow lights, and a passive watering system, so the user does not need much gardening experience. The product can grow three plant pods at the same time and is small enough to be placed in indoor spaces such as a kitchen, desk, or apartment [(ClickGrow2026)]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | This product is similar to Screen2Green because both products focus on making indoor plant care easier for users. Click & Grow reduces the need for manual watering and plant knowledge, which makes it useful for people who want a simple way to grow plants indoors. | ||
| + | |||
| + | However, Click & Grow mainly focuses on plant growth and convenience. It does not connect plant care with screen-time behavior or use the plant as feedback for the user’s digital habits. This shows an opportunity for Screen2Green, | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | ==== 2.7 Comparative Analysis ==== | ||
| - | //Compare selected products and projects considering the requirements of your own solution// | + | /* //Compare selected products and projects considering the requirements of your own solution// */ |
| - | As shown in Table {{ref> | + | As shown in Table {{ref> |
| + | <WRAP center round box 100%> | ||
| <table tab: | <table tab: | ||
| - | < | + | < |
| - | |**Photo**|**Product**|**Purpose**|**Automation level**|**Space**|**Sensors & technology**|**User effort**|**Price**|**Key limitation**| | + | |**Photo**|**Product**|**Purpose**|**Automation level**|**Space**|**Sensors & technology**|**User effort**|**Price |
| - | |{{ : | + | |{{ : |
| - | |{{ : | + | |{{ : |
| - | | {{ : | + | |{{ : |
| + | | {{ : | ||
| </ | </ | ||
| + | </ | ||
| Table {{ref> | Table {{ref> | ||
| + | <WRAP center round box 60%> | ||
| <table tab: | <table tab: | ||
| - | < | + | < |
| |**Application**|**Feedback type**|**Strength**| | |**Application**|**Feedback type**|**Strength**| | ||
| |Forest [(ForestAppND)]|Visual (virtual trees)|Highly engaging| | |Forest [(ForestAppND)]|Visual (virtual trees)|Highly engaging| | ||
| Line 338: | Line 325: | ||
| |Screen time (built-in)|Data only|Easy access| | |Screen time (built-in)|Data only|Easy access| | ||
| </ | </ | ||
| + | </ | ||
| - | ==== 2.10 Summary ==== | + | ==== 2.8 Summary ==== |
| This chapter showed that while digital solutions can help reduce screen time, their impact is limited by their virtual nature. | This chapter showed that while digital solutions can help reduce screen time, their impact is limited by their virtual nature. | ||