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report:eth [2026/04/12 21:55] – [Data privacy] team1report:eth [2026/04/21 14:19] (current) – [Introduction] epsatisep
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 ==== Introduction ====  ==== Introduction ==== 
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 This chapter examines the role of ethics in both moral philosophy and engineering practice. It begins by introducing deontological ethics, a duty-based approach to moral reasoning that focuses on following universal moral principles when deciding what is right or wrong. The discussion presents key ideas developed by Immanuel Kant, including moral obligation and the categorical imperative. It also briefly considers recent scientific perspectives on moral decision-making. This chapter examines the role of ethics in both moral philosophy and engineering practice. It begins by introducing deontological ethics, a duty-based approach to moral reasoning that focuses on following universal moral principles when deciding what is right or wrong. The discussion presents key ideas developed by Immanuel Kant, including moral obligation and the categorical imperative. It also briefly considers recent scientific perspectives on moral decision-making.
  
-The chapter then moves to engineering ethics and discusses the standards and responsibilities that guide professional conduct. It reviews established codes of ethics, such as those developed by the National Society of Professional Engineers, and explains how these principles influence engineering decisions, design processes, and professional behavior. Finally, the chapter highlights why ethics is important in engineering, particularly in relation to safety, quality, public trust, sustainability, and the protection of both organizations and professionals.+The chapter then moves to engineering ethics and discusses the standards and responsibilities that guide professional conduct. It reviews established codes of ethics, such as those developed by the National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE), and explains how these principles influence engineering decisions, design processes, and professional behavior <color #ed1c24> [add citation to a proper reference]</color>. Finally, the chapter highlights why ethics is important in engineering, particularly in relation to safety, quality, public trust, sustainability, and the protection of both organizations and professionals.
  
 Deontological ethics, often described as duty-based ethics, is a branch of moral philosophy that emphasizes following moral rules and obligations when judging whether an action is right or wrong. The term comes from the Greek words “deon” (duty) and “logos” (study or reasoning). According to this view, some actions are considered morally wrong in themselves, regardless of the outcomes they may produce [(mohn2022)]. Deontological ethics, often described as duty-based ethics, is a branch of moral philosophy that emphasizes following moral rules and obligations when judging whether an action is right or wrong. The term comes from the Greek words “deon” (duty) and “logos” (study or reasoning). According to this view, some actions are considered morally wrong in themselves, regardless of the outcomes they may produce [(mohn2022)].
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 === Understanding the Engineering Code of Ethics === === Understanding the Engineering Code of Ethics ===
-A well-known example of engineering ethics is the code of ethics developed by the National Society of Professional Engineers. This code outlines the main responsibilities that engineers are expected to follow in their professional work.+A well-known example of engineering ethics is the code of ethics developed by the National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE). This code outlines the main responsibilities that engineers are expected to follow in their professional work.
  
-According to the National Society of Professional Engineers, engineers should prioritize public safety, health, and welfare, and only carry out work in areas where they have the necessary knowledge and skills. They are also expected to communicate honestly, avoid deceptive actions, and act responsibly toward clients, employers, and the public.+According to the National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE), engineers should prioritize public safety, health, and welfare, and only carry out work in areas where they have the necessary knowledge and skills. They are also expected to communicate honestly, avoid deceptive actions, and act responsibly toward clients, employers, and the public.
  
 In addition to these core principles, the code includes further professional obligations that help guide ethical decision-making in different situations. These standards are important because they help engineers maintain professional integrity and protect public trust in the engineering field [(vector2025)]. In addition to these core principles, the code includes further professional obligations that help guide ethical decision-making in different situations. These standards are important because they help engineers maintain professional integrity and protect public trust in the engineering field [(vector2025)].
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 Safety is one of the most important considerations in engineering design. This system combines electronics, water, and plant care, which creates possible risks such as water leakage, electrical faults, or damage to nearby objects. To reduce these risks, the design needs to include proper water containment and reliable components. Safe operation is important not only for the user, but also for the environment where the system is used. Safety is one of the most important considerations in engineering design. This system combines electronics, water, and plant care, which creates possible risks such as water leakage, electrical faults, or damage to nearby objects. To reduce these risks, the design needs to include proper water containment and reliable components. Safe operation is important not only for the user, but also for the environment where the system is used.
  
-The system relies on sensors and automated control technologies to monitor conditions such as soil moisture in real time [(laura2020)],[(carlos2019)]. While this improves convenience and efficiency, it also creates challenges because water and electronic components are used together.+The system relies on sensors and automated control technologies to monitor conditions such as soil moisture in real time [(laura2020)][(carlos2019)]. While this improves convenience and efficiency, it also creates challenges because water and electronic components are used together.
  
 == System Characteristics and Safety Risks == == System Characteristics and Safety Risks ==
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 One of the main concerns is the sensitivity of screen-time data. If this information is accessed without permission, it may reveal users’ routines, habits, and daily schedules. In addition, the system also collects environmental data such as soil moisture, temperature, humidity, and light levels to support plant growth. One of the main concerns is the sensitivity of screen-time data. If this information is accessed without permission, it may reveal users’ routines, habits, and daily schedules. In addition, the system also collects environmental data such as soil moisture, temperature, humidity, and light levels to support plant growth.
  
-Although this environmental data may seem less sensitive, it can still reveal patterns about user behaviour or home occupancy when collected over time. Because of this, the system may be exposed to risks such as unauthorized access, data interception, or manipulation of sensor readings. For example, false soil moisture data could cause incorrect irrigation, which may harm plant health and reduce system reliability [(rodrigo2013)],[(luis2019)].+Although this environmental data may seem less sensitive, it can still reveal patterns about user behaviour or home occupancy when collected over time. Because of this, the system may be exposed to risks such as unauthorized access, data interception, or manipulation of sensor readings. For example, false soil moisture data could cause incorrect irrigation, which may harm plant health and reduce system reliability [(rodrigo2013)][(luis2019)].
  
 At the same time, improving security in IoT systems is not always simple. Strong encryption can improve protection, but in low-power devices it may also increase energy use and reduce system efficiency. This creates an important trade-off between security and energy consumption, which needs to be considered carefully [(jaewook2017)]. At the same time, improving security in IoT systems is not always simple. Strong encryption can improve protection, but in low-power devices it may also increase energy use and reduce system efficiency. This creates an important trade-off between security and energy consumption, which needs to be considered carefully [(jaewook2017)].
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 === Professional competence === === Professional competence ===
  
-Professional competence refers to the ability of engineers to carry out their work responsibly and effectively while adhering to established standards and ethical principles. Engineers are expected to follow professional standards and codes of ethics. This includes designing systems that prioritize user safety, privacy, and reliability. Following recognized engineering principles ensures that the system is developed in a responsible and systematic manner, and that potential risks are identified and mitigated during the design process.+Professional competence means that engineers have the knowledge and skills needed to carry out their work safely, responsibly, and effectively. In engineering projects, this also means following professional standards and ethical principles throughout the design process. 
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 +For this system, professional competence is important because the design involves electronics, water, sensors, and user-related data. Engineers need to make sure that the system is safe, reliable, and suitable for its intended use. This includes considering user safety, protecting privacy, and reducing possible risks during both development and operation. 
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 +Professional competence also means recognizing the limits of one’s own knowledge. If a problem goes beyond an engineer’s expertise, it is important to seek support, collaborate with others, or consult relevant technical standards. This helps reduce mistakes and improves the overall quality of the system.
  
-In addition, professional competence involves understanding the limits of one’s expertise and seeking appropriate support or collaboration when necessary. Engineers must engage in continuous learning to keep up with rapidly evolving technologies and ensure that their knowledge remains up to date. Furthermore, thorough testing and validation are required to confirm that the system operates correctly under various conditions.+In addition, engineers should continue updating their knowledge as technologies develop. Since systems like this depend on sensors, automated control, and digital applications, keeping up with new technologies is important for making informed design decisions.
  
-By maintaining professional competence, engineers can enhance the quality and performance of their systems while fulfilling their ethical responsibility to protect users and maintain public trust.+Finally, proper testing and validation are essential. The system should be tested under different conditions to make sure it works correctly and safely. By maintaining professional competence, engineers can improve system performance while also meeting their ethical responsibility to protect users and maintain public trust.
  
 ==== Sales and Marketing Ethics ====  ==== Sales and Marketing Ethics ==== 
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